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INTRODUCTION

Work urgency. Tribologija - a science a friction and about the processes accompanying a friction, i.e. about such processes, as chafing of contacting bodies, their frictional heating, triboeletricity origination, the acoustical phenomena at a friction and many other things [44, 51, 86, 118].

Practical tribologija includes studying and application of main principles of a friction, greasing and deterioration for achievement of the set scientific and engineering purposes in concrete areas of human activity [25]. The role tribologii in the modern world is exclusively great. Friction knots meet not only in all cars and mechanisms of modern technics, but also practically in all live organisms [15].

Co-operating spherical details meet in various areas of a life: in medicine where it is important to provide qualitative manufacturing endoprotezov, functioning under loadings in a body of the person, in metalloobrazujushchih operations where the friction increases deterioration of the tool and the power necessary for machining of preparation; in motor industry, a robotics and a number of other branches [7, 21].

Except completely spherical tribosoprjazheny in modern technics there is a big group of the details which constructive element is the incomplete spherical surface. Spherical fingers of automobile ball joints, tips of steering rods, spherical inserts refer to to the such bojkov percussion mechanisms, ball footstep bearings, spherical tips of stocks, racks with spherical heads of frictional joints of lever mechanisms, stocks of valved mechanisms with spherical heads and others [13].

The most typical representative of details of this group is the automobile spherical finger which is a part of ball joints - knots of a suspension bracket of the modern cars defining safety of their maintenance. Also to friction knots it is possible to refer to a footstep bearing, which
Represents the contact pair of a friction intended for transfer of an axial force from the drive mechanism to zapornomu to the device [61]. Annual volumes of manufacture of automobile spherical fingers and footstep bearings are calculated tens million pieces a year.

Along with motor industry sharnirnye, spherical bearings and tips are applied in space area: in control mechanisms of aircrafts, swashplates by helicopters; hinged knots of mechanisms of agricultural machiner, tractor industry, the railway industry, excavating machines, suspension brackets of heavy career dump trucks, machine-tool industry, building and mining cars; a handling machinery; the compressor equipment; power engineering industry and hydraulic structures and many other things technics areas [4 - 6].

Various aspects of spherical surfaces such as gribovidnye friction clutches and kulachkovye mechanisms with globoidnym and spherical the cams, a part of angular spherical joints, sharnirnyh heads of knots of swivel gears, tie-rods, compensators, the joint of type a heel - a footstep bearing (persistent footstep bearings) are used in such mechanisms as conveyor rollers, fastenings of linear cylinders, joints of tools of building cars, manipulators and industrial robots; in some devices of space technics (mechanisms of the space orientation of orbiting space crafts and mechanisms of planet research vehicles) [74].

The sleeve bearing name a support for shaft maintenance (or a twirled axis).

In such bearing the neck of the twirled shaft (or axes) slips on a support.

Spherical sleeve bearings usually use in rotary joints and slowly twirled knots, especially with varying speeds and twirl directions. Rolling-contact bearings work in such conditions is worse, therefore spherical sleeve bearings are more preferable [45, 88].

Sleeve bearings are applied ogranichenno in those areas where they have kept the advantages, namely: for high-speed shafts in which operating mode the durability of rolling-contact bearings is very small; for axes and the shafts demanding exact installation; for shafts of very big diameter (in the absence of standard rolling-contact bearings); when on conditions of assemblage the bearing should be demountable; at bearing work in water, an excited environment for tihohodnyh shafts of irresponsible mechanisms and in special conditions [75].

Also it is necessary to gate out with separate group the hydraulic (hydrodynamic) bearing. It represents practically leakproof design applied to long-term use.

Hydrodynamic bearings have gained wide application in cars, thanks to simplicity of a design though during the start-up and stop periods, on small turns they work in the conditions of boundary greasing or a "dry" friction.

The principle of act of the hydrodynamic bearing is based that the connecting link between two moving surfaces is a liquid or oil, which, being propelled in the bearing, create effect elevating, a centrifugal force. It allows surfaces not to adjoin practically with each other and, hence, not to wear out because of a friction.

Hydrodynamic bearings are durablese rolling-contact bearings and sleeve bearings, greasing do not demand, are not hammered by a dust as have a leakproof design [78].

Also they can be met in the precision modern rigs working at small loadings, especially in the grinding; in pumps, ventilating fans for cooling of the personal computer. Use of such aspect of bearings allows to reduce noise and to raise a cooling system effectiveness. Despite a variety spherical tribouzlov, applied in various areas of a life, their separate aspect substitutes in medicine where tribouzel with spherical details should be analogue of a joint and
To allow to carry out necessary functional working capacity, replacing a natural joint.

So, for example, particularly spherical details are applied in endoprotezah tazobedrennyh joints. Tazobedrennyj the joint of the person has spherical, mnogoosnuju the form formed by a semilunar surface vertluzhnoj of a dint tazovoj of a bone and an articulate surface of a head of a femur [8, 37]. And accordingly, endoprotez should repeat the same form for maintenance of mobility of the person having problems with a joint.

Such diseases as an arthritis, osteoartroz, ankilozirujushchy a polyarthritis, and also accidents, in the form of crisis of a neck of a hip are a consequence of a strong pain, and loss of function of mobility of finitenesses of the person (drawing 1.1) [34, 71].

Drawing 1.1 - Tazobedrennyj a joint: the healthy; an arthritis of a joint with the outweared cartilage; crisis of a neck of a hip

Treatment of such joints carry out different operations: artrodez (joint elimination), sinovektomija (removal sinovialnoj joint shells), osteotomija (a bone resection on an extent) and artroplastika (creation of a new joint) [101, 117, 136, 139, 141].

Despite success of performance of all operations [105, 131, 134], the most effective and applied now is artroplastika, and (or)
Operation endoprotezirovanija (drawing 1.2) at which the new joint - endoprotez takes root into a body of the person for the purpose of restoration of function of mobility damaged tazobedrennogo a joint (drawing 1.5).

Drawing 1.2 - the Basic stages endoprotezirovanija

Every year in the world it is made more than 800 000 operations on artroplastiki. From them to the Great Britain it is spent about 40 000 operations endoprotezirovanija tazobedrennyh joints and 18 000 operations on replacement knee [106]. While in Russia for 2011 60 000 operations, and for 2012 without the given private clinics of 80 000 operations on endoprotezirovaniju large joints (drawing 1.3) have been executed.

Drawing 1.3 - Statistics endoprotezirovanija large joints in federal districts of Russia for 2011

From them of 91,6 % 9,4 % on auditing are necessary on primary operations. Thus gate out following reasons auditing endoprotezirovanija:
asepticheskaja instability (68,4 %), an infection (20,9 %), dislocations (5,2 %), crises (2,9 %), others (2,6 %) (drawing 1.4) [35, 103, 119, 139].

Drawing 1.4 - the Circle diagramme of the reasons auditing endoprotezirovanija

Cases when by manufacture endoprotezov the defective components calling problems with health of patients and leading to audit total endoproteza are gained are besides, frequent. Firm DePuy has introduced more than 93 000 implantatov before defects in a design endoproteza have been detected. The analogous situation has occurred in the Great Britain to the producer endoprotezov tazobedrennyh joints with pair a friction "metal-metal" ASR. After short exploitation introduced implantatov patients felt a strong pain and have been forced to execute repeated operation on removal defective endoproteza [106].

The carried out researches proved, that a principal cause of decrease in efficiency and destruction implantata is deterioration process in a zone of contact of two components - cups and heads endoproteza tazobedrennogo a joint [102, 123, 137] (drawing 1.5).

Drawing 1.5 - Tribosoprjazhenie endoproteza

The friction is one of the main making factors essentially influencing deterioration and a power dissipation of co-operating surfaces. Decrease of deterioration and prevention of destruction of components endoproteza is a consequence of decrease of coefficient of friction at the expense of lubricant addition in a contact zone provided that this process should be operated and controlled [13, 56, 57, 76].

The control of process of a friction, deterioration and presence of a lubricant layer is conducted by means of specialised test cars, which directly or indirectly size up parametres of process of interacting of a head and a cup endoproteza (vibrating, acoustical, thermal and other ways of the control of a condition of rubbing surfaces) [3, 12, 23, 50, 69].

One of such methods allowing unlike listed above practically bezynertsionno to size up quality of a surface tribouzla, the electroresistance method is. Despite success of application of an electroresistance method of an estimation of quality tribouzlov details and the cars, the given method is not adapted for features tribouzlov, consisting of spherical bodies and applied in medicine, namely endoprotezov tazobedrennyh joints with pair a friction "metal-metal".

Thus, raise of objectivity and reliability of diagnosing of a condition tribouzlov with the spherical form of details, namely

endoprotezov tazobedrennyh joints with pair a friction "metal-metal" is the actual scientific and technical problem which solution will allow to reduce penetration of substandard products into clinical practice and to lower subjectivity at sampling endoprotezov operators-surgeons, raising thereby competitiveness made on territory of Russia endoprotezov large joints with pair a friction "metal-metal". It is offered to develop a method and means of reception of diagnosing For the solution of an existing problem endoproteza in dynamics, the receptions of the diagnostic information based on an electroresistance physical principle from a friction zone. A scope of results of the given work are stages of experimental researches on selection of materials of pairs a friction, triboispytany and the selective target control endoprotezov large joints with pair a friction "metal-metal".

Extent of a readiness of a theme of research

For improvement of quality endoprotezov (as well as any other pairs of a friction) specialised experimental researches (NIR and research and development) on selection of materials of pairs a friction and optimisation of their geometry, and also tribologicheskie tests are spent. But at these stages there is a deficiency of methods and diagnosing techniques endoproteza, allowing in sufficient volume to form representation about the processes occurring in zones of a friction and defining the basic figures of merit developed endoproteza. Besides, existing methods of diagnosing applied in test cars, do not allow in most cases practically bezynertsionno to gain the diagnostic information from a friction zone, not destroying implantat.

The most essential contribution to development of electroresistance methods was brought in by such scientists, as S.F.Korndorf, K.V.journeym, N.K.Myshkin, V.V. Markov, V.V. Mishin, V.V. Konchits, M.Braunovich, V.J.Vargashkin, A.F.pancake, E.V.Paholkin, D.Snideker, S.A.siskin, T.Tellian, P.N.Shkatov, J.M.Sanko and a number of others. Despite success of application of an electroresistance method 13

Quality estimations tribouzlov details and the cars, the given method is not adapted for features tribouzlov, consisting of spherical bodies and applied in medicine, namely endoprotezov tazobedrennyh joints with friction pair «metal - metal». Necessity of development of an electroresistance method of diagnosing is caused by demands of the account of biomechanics of a joint, low speed of twirl of one of components, absence of a hydrodynamic regime of a friction, nizkoomnogo resistance of the sliding contact, geometry of surfaces, presence adhesive, superficial, thin lubricant and oksidnyh layers.

Installation issledovanijajavljaetsja process tribovzaimodejstvija components endoproteza tazobedrennogo a joint with pair a friction "metal-metal".

Subject issledovanijajavljaetsja mathematical model of electric contact tribosoprjazhenija, a technique and algorithm of diagnosing tribouzla with the spherical form of details (on an instance endoproteza tazobedrennogo a joint with pair a friction "metal-metal"), based on an electroresistance method.

The purpose dissertational rabotyjavljaetsja raise of reliability of technical diagnosing of a condition tribouzla (on an instance endoproteza tazobedrennogo a joint with pair a friction "metal-metal") an electroresistance method in dynamics at the expense of application of new and known parametres, original algorithm and a diagnostic device at stages of the selective target control, triboispytany and experimental researches on selection of new materials of pairs a friction.

Problems of dissertational work are:

1) survey and the analysis of methods of diagnosing tribouzla (on an instance endoproteza tazobedrennogo a joint with pair a friction "metal-metal") at stages of the target control, triboispytany and experimental researches; survey of the test cars, allowing to size up a workmanship endoprotezov joints;

2) working out of the mathematical model, allowing to simulate a signal of electric resistance of co-operating components of a head and a cup
endoproteza taking into account their real both modelled macro-and microgeometry of surfaces; conducting of theoretical researches of the planimetric square of contact, electric resistance depending on parametres of defects of surfaces; reception of theoretical dependences of parametres of process of conductance of a zone of a friction from characteristics of defects of surfaces;

3) working out of an electroresistance method of diagnosing of a condition of surfaces tribouzla; synthesis of diagnostic parametres for an estimation of a condition of surfaces; working out of original algorithm and a diagnosing technique tribouzla with the spherical form of details;

4) working out of a diagnostic device of a condition tribouzla, the original algorithm of a data handling based on application, with the set technical datas;

5) conducting of the experimental researches confirming the basic theoretical rules and working capacity diagnostics tools;

6) an estimation of reliability of an electroresistance method of diagnosing of a condition tribouzla in dynamics at stages of the target control, triboispytany and experimental researches on selection of new materials of pairs a friction.

Research methods. Results of work are gained on the basis of theories of the quality of contact of rough bodies, mechanics of discrete contact; design procedures of electric resistance tribosoprjazhenija, adapted for investigated technical installation; digital machining of the gained signals with use statistical, spectral and the vejvlet-analysis of informative data.

Scientific novelty of work:

1) the mathematical model and theoretical dependences of parametres of process of conductance of a zone the friction based on the theory of not adhesive rough contact, and differing are gained by that anthopometrical data are in addition considered in a complex,
Cyclic and static loadings, mutual agency of surfaces, the planimetric square of local defects and the other factors defining quality of a contact surface;

2) the diagnosing method tribouzla with the spherical form of the details, based on an electroresistance principle of reception of an informative signal under characteristics of fluctuating electric resistance, and differing original algorithm of diagnosing and set of diagnostic parametres which are based on a statistical estimation selective low - and mid-frequency power components of a signal is developed and allow to define a condition of surfaces directly in dynamics at stages of the target control, triboispytany and experimental researches on selection of new materials of pairs a friction;

3) the diagnostic device of knot of a friction with pair «metal - metal» on the electric parametres, based on dependences of electric resistance on parametres of defects of surfaces and differing that contains additional angle-date trasmitters of turn and force in aggregate with the electric channel of measurement is developed.

The theoretical significance rabotysostoit that the mathematical model is offered, algorithm of diagnosing and set of the diagnostic parametres, developing the theory electroresistance tribodiagnostiki and allowing to realise not destroying control and diagnosing of surfaces of the spherical form of details endoprotezov tazobedrennogo a joint with pair a friction "metal-metal".

The practical significance rabotysostoit that the diagnostic device of surfaces endoproteza tazobedrennogo a joint with pair a friction "metal-metal" on the electric parametres is offered, based on dependences of electric resistance on parametres of defects of surfaces taking into account anthopometrical data and cyclic loading on a joint, and differing that it contains additional angle-date trasmitters of turn and force in aggregate with the electric channel of measurement,
Allowing to size up conditions of surfaces in a friction zone tribosoprjazhenija (the patent for the invention № 2615599, the certificate of registration of the program of the COMPUTER № 2016615902).

The personal contribution avtorazakljuchaetsja in working out of mathematical model of electric resistance of contact of elements in tribosoprjazhenii with the spherical form of details with pair a friction "metal-metal"; the organisations, planning and conducting of experimental researches; to test-bed working out; to the formulation of demands to developed means, development of an existing electroresistance method by application of new diagnostic parametre and original algorithm of diagnosing.

The rules which are taken out on protection:

1) the gained mathematical models and theoretical dependences of parametres of process of conductance of a zone of a friction, allow to distinguish and classify quality of a contact surface to a diagnostic sign (fluctuating electric resistance) in dynamics taking into account anthopometrical data, cyclic and static loadings, mutual agency of surfaces, the planimetric square of local defects, a roughness and other factors;

2) put in pawn in a basis of the developed electroresistance method of diagnosing tribouzla with the spherical form of details the original algorithm of diagnosing and the diagnostic parametres which are based on a statistical estimation selective is low - also mid-frequency power components of a signal, allow to define a condition of surfaces directly in dynamics at stages of the target control, triboispytany and experimental researches on selection of new materials of pairs a friction;

3) the developed diagnostic device of knot of a friction with pair «metal - metal» on the electric parametres, based on dependences of electric resistance on parametres of defects of surfaces and differing that contains additional angle-date trasmitters of turn and force in
With the electric channel of measurement, the condition of surfaces in a friction zone allows to size up sets.

Extent of reliability and approbation of results

The basic results of work are presented in leading logs, and also reported and discussed at scientific and technical and scientifically-practical conferences: XXIV international scientific and technical conference, 2015, Alushta; the Informational production engineering in a science formation and manufacture («ИТНОП-2014»): VI International scientific and technical conference, 2014 g, the Eagle; fundamental and applied aspects of creation biosferosovmestimyh systems: the international scientific and technical Internet conference, the Eagle, 2015; «Modern instrumental systems, the informational production engineering and innovations» XII th International scientifically-practical conference, Kursk, 2015; the Hydrodynamic theory of greasing - XXI: the international scientific symposium - the Eagle: OGU I.S.Turgeneva, 2016.

Publications. On a dissertation theme 17 scientific works, including 7 publications in the leading reviewed scientific editions recommended VAK, 2 papers indexed in database Scopus are published, 2 certificates of registration of the computer program are gained 1 patent of the Russian Federation for the invention. The subjects have been approved within the limits of competition the CLEVER MAN 1-14­10: «Working out of a complex method and the diagnosing device tribouzla endoproteza tazobedrennogo a joint with friction pair« metal-metal »on spectral and electric parametres».

Structure and volume of dissertational work. The dissertation consists of the introduction, four heads, the conclusion, the list of the used literature which is switching on 144 names, eight applications. The basic part of work is stated on 169 pages of the typewritten text, contains 80 drawings and 40 tables.

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Scientific source ZHIDKOV Alexey Vladimirovich. the ELECTRORESISTANCE METHOD And the DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE tribouzla with the spherical form of details (ON an instance endoproteza tazobedrennogo a joint with friction pair «metal - metal»). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Tech.Sci. An eagle, 2019. 2019

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