<<
>>

the Sanitary-and-hygienic characteristicof of Novgorod

In an industrial infrastructure of the Novgorod area the appreciable place occupies the city of Novgorod which is the large centre tsentralyo
But-European parts of Russia. In a city are more than 50 large and fine enterprises.

The leading industrial enterprises for number of the workers occupied on them concern the electron and radio engineering industry. SpeYOtsifikoj industrial productions reception of radio-and pezokerayomicheskih the materials synthesised on the basis of metals, manufacturing poluyoprovodnikovyh devices and integrated microcircuits is. It is possible to carry joint-stock company "Planet", factory "Wave", joint-stock company "Quantum" to the largest enterprises, "El - a game", condenser factory, joint-stock company "Start", "Comet", "Spectrum". The Specific gravity on a commodity output of these enterprises makes more than 50 %.

The appreciable share on this indicator is occupied also with association "Nitrogen". Except the enterprises of electronics and a radio engineering in Novgorod raspoyolozheny fiber glass manufactures (NZSZ), armaturnyj factory (joint-stock company "Contour"). In a city operate building - assembly, repair, housing - ekspluyoatatsionnye the organisations, and also the municipal motor-vehicle transport enterprises: avyotobazy, motorcades, refuelling economy, etc. the largest predyoprijatiem the building industry the Novgorod combine stroitelyonyh materials (NKSM) is.

Air of industrial premises of joint-stock company "Planet" in process osnovyonyh technological operations: assemblages of semi-conductor devices and inteyogralnyh microcircuits have been polluted by chemical compounds preimushchestyovenno 1st and 2nd class of danger. Among them there was a toluene, a xylol, epiyohlorgidrin, epoksidnye pitches. Lead bonds arrived in a prorecension
stvennuju medium at a ration lead-tin solders (ПОС-60 and ПОС-40). It is necessary to notice, that in the majority of the investigated samples of air excess of maximum permissible concentration (maximum concentration limit) became perceptible.

Joint-stock companies "Элкон", enterprises "Waves" and "Quantum" were characterised preimuyoshchestvenno by technology of assemblage of TVs and videorecorders. On obediyonenii "Elkon", besides, there was an electrovacuum manufacture kineyoskopov. The leading adverse factor at these enterprises was hiyomichesky. In producing departments especially adverse working conditions vyyodeljalis sites of pouring, impregnation, malar sites, and also sites bekoli - zatsii and printed-circuit boards. Air of industrial premises became soiled aerosols epoksidnyh pitches, epihlorgidrinom, acetone, a xylol, toluene, svarochnymi aerosols in the concentration exceeding maximum concentration limit. At work galyovanicheskih the equipments in air of industrial medium aerosols niyokelja, lead arrived. At gilding in air were found out a bronze dust. PrigoYOtovlenie a varnish on a site penopolistirolnyh loose leaves and in shop of printed-circuit boards it was accompanied by entering in air of industrial premises stiyorola, toluene, a xylol, and also izoamilatsetata. The technology of creation kineskoyopov is bound to wide use of serious metals.

In particular, ekraniyorovanie cones it was spent ljuminoforami, containing cadmium, vanadium, caesium and six-valency chrome to suspensions. At preparation shihty for varyoki glasses added barium Zinci sulfas. Lead used in shlikere at skleiyovanii a cone with the screen. Thus on industrial medium aerosols got
Serious metals. Joint-stock company "Start" and "Spectrum" were characterised appreciable doyolej the technological operations bound to thermopressing and galvanikoj. Besides, in both manufactures there were shops of preparation for the sake of - okeramicheskih masses. Pressing was spent on thermolayers-automatic machines with isyopolzovaniem polistirolnyh, polyvinylchloride, fenolformaldegidnyh pitches and polyethylene. In the course of pressing and roasting of products from radiokeramiyoki in air of industrial premises arrived epihlorgidrin, di - metilformamid. In galvanic shops air industrial mediums zayogrjaznjalsja aerosols of nickel, cadmium, chrome and Cyanidums. At assemblage fotoreyozistorov the industrial premise became soiled dimetilformamidom and lead aerosols.

At condenser factory and in joint-stock company "Comet" made payments and katushyoki for videorecorders, assemblage of condensers. In air of industrial premises at the basic technological operations aromatic series aerosols (styrene, a xylol, benzene, toluene), epihlorgidrin and svinetsyosoderzhashchie solders were allocated at a ration, aerosols of nickel, zinc and chrome at galvanike.

Independently in structure of the enterprises of Novgorod there is a production association "Nitrogen" which unlike above surveyed enterprises concerns the chemical industry. In joint-stock company "Nitrogen" receive mineral nitric fertilizers, using as raw materials ammonia. The basic tehnoloyogicheskie operations are bound to ammonia processing in a methanol, Carbamidum and nit - roamofosku. Methanol manufacture was accompanied by appreciable allocation
In industrial premises okisi Carboneum, which concentration prevyyoshali maximum concentration limit in 12 times. Carbamidum manufacture was accompanied by pollution a cart -

3

Spirit of industrial premises ammonia to 300 mg/m (ammonia maximum concentration limit - 20 33

Mg/m), a dust of Carbamidum to 30 mg/m (Carbamidum maximum concentration limit - 10 mg/m). At polucheyonii nitroamofoski concentration of ammonia exceeded maximum concentration limit in proizvodstvenyonoj to medium almost in 5 times, vinilatsetata and alkalis - in 2 times. The formic aldehyde and metayonol in the concentration essentially exceeding admissible, was zaregistriyorovan in shop of formalin and karbidnyh pitches. In joint-stock company "Nitrogen" it became perceptible also preyovyshenie maximum concentration limit of acetic acid, acetylene and an acetaldehyde.

The Novgorod factory of fiber glass (NZSV) was characterised polucheniyoem fiber glass fabrics from silicate glass. At propityvanii stekloniti from the furnace zamaslivateljami in industrial premises the formic aldehyde was allocated, in

3 concentration twice exceeding maximum concentration limits (formic aldehyde maximum concentration limit - 0,005 mg/m).

Armaturnyj the factory (joint-stock company "Contour") was the representative meyotalloobrabatyvajushchih the enterprises. In air of industrial medium opreyodeljalis aerosols of smazochno-cooling liquids (SOZH). On a thermal site in industrial premises it is registered akromin.

Sanitary - hygienic estimation of industrial medium proyomyshlennyh the enterprises of Novgorod has taped excess extremely dopustiyomyh concentration in every fourth selected sample of air closed poyomeshcheny on pairs and gases (23,3 %) in 1994. Every third sample of air, vzjayotaja on the analysis of substances of 1st and 2nd classes of danger in 1994 contained them in
The concentration exceeding admissible (31,7 %). Basically it rastvoriyoteli, including benzolnogo a number and some bonds of serious metals.

Thus, the industrial enterprises of of Novgorod which specificity was sharp prevalence of technologies of reception radiokeramiche - skih masses, manufactures of condensers, television and radioelekyotronnoj equipments, it is possible to estimate assemblages as environment polluters. The basic chemical substances which potentially can priyosutstvovat in air atmosphere, it is necessary to consider organic dissolvents and bonds of serious metals.

According to the city inventory spent Novgorod goyorodskim by the committee on wildlife management, in 1994 in Novgorod on the account on gosstatotchetu 2 "Air" 23 enterprises consisted. Total emissions kseyonobiotikov in atmospheric air from the enterprises in 1994 14560 tons (riyosunok 45). In comparison with 1993 volumes of emissions were reduced to 5267 tons a year, and in comparison with 1992г. - on 7957 tons a year. At the same time for the same period the number of sources of emissions of contaminants has sharply increased.

In 1993 on the city of Novgorod it has been registered 1926 istochniyokov contaminants, and in 1994 - 3274. So low volumes of emissions against almost polutorokratnogo augmentations of sources of emissions ksenobiotiyoka is reflexion of reorganisation processes in an infrastructure proyomyshlennosti cities. Crushing of large industrial associations on melyokie the enterprises of various patterns of ownership and, as consequence, various hoyo
zjajstvennyh mechanisms has led to growth of total of sources vybroyosov contaminants in atmosphere. At the same time ubiquitous sokyorashchenie industrial outputs and, first of all, proizyovodstv the military-industrial complex which orders frequently were rasyopolozheny at the radio electronics enterprises, promoted reduction vayolovyh emissions of xenobiotics in atmosphere.

Fig. 45. Total emissions of contaminants in atmospheric air, g.novgorod (tons/years).

The analysis of forms of account "2-TP" "has shown Air, that in atmospheric vozyoduh Novgorod was allocated about 30 bonds among which there were substances of 1st and 2nd classes of danger (benzene, a xylol, toluene, Phenolum, lead, manganese bonds, a formic aldehyde, etc.). The estimation of pollution ground sloyoev the atmospheres, spent on separate bonds, has shown formation of high concentration on some of them. According to two posts on protjayozhenii three years monthly excess of concentration okisi ugyoleroda and a dust which have averaged 109 days in a year became perceptible.

At the analysis of level of pollution of ground layers of atmospheric air for 1992-1994 according to stationary posts on complex pokazateyolju R the different maintenance in sampling points was considered. The most adverse situation throughout three years developed in the central district of Novgorod in which territory the basic technological cases of radio engineering and electron manufactures settled down. Level of pollution around joint-stock company "Planet" finding fluctuated from weak - in winter months to strong - in summer.

In the territory adjoining joint-stock company "Nitrogen" and railway vokzayolu, level of pollution of atmospheric air xenobiotics was dopustiyomyj in the winter and weak - during the summer period of year.

Hence, the basic pollution of atmospheric air ksenobioyotikami occurred during the warm period of year mainly in central chasyoti Novgorod in immediate proximity to enterprise "Planet".

For a hygienic estimation of conditions of water use of the population primeyonena the hydrological and hydro-geological characteristic of water objects (according to gos.komiteta the Russian Federation on geology and use of bowels and Committee okyoruzhajushchej mediums of Novgorod), it is analysed qualitative and quantitative structure of sewage of the enterprises of Novgorod dumping sewage in otyokrytye reservoirs (on forms of account "-TP" Air "), is defined FROM and rasschiyotan KZ (a-indicator), the estimation of quality of the water sources applied is spent
For the centralised economic-drinking water use, the estimation of quality of potable water (according to city TSGSEN) is spent.

For centralised economic - drinking water supply in NovYOgorode mainly superficial sources were used. OsnovnyYOmi as water use sources the roubles served in Novgorod Volkhov and lake IlYomen. The river Volkhov concerns flat flowing reservoirs. The river valley is characterised by low inundated coast, zataplivaemymi during high waters. The set of fine rivulets runs into Volkhov: Vishera, Msta, Veron - yes, Verjazhka, Nish, Glushitsa, the Screw, etc. a river Valley Volkhov is strongly boggy. Passing in territory of the Novgorod area the Vishera channel drains boggy inundated plain. The water regimen of water currents was characterised summer mezhenju and are high a spring high water.

According to order MZ N1212 from 07.12.1984"About measures on protection of waters of the rivers of pools of an island Ladoga, an island Onega and an island Ilmen in Novgorod obyolasti is not conducted an alloy of wood in one lesopunkte. Superficial vodoistochyoniki, besides, are simultaneously rybo-economic reservoirs.

The analysis of sewage from the industrial enterprises has shown, that 27 % of all assays mismatched demands "Rules of protection of superficial waters from pollution by sewage" from 16.05.1974.

It is necessary to notice, that influence degree on water superficial vodoyoemov depends not only on quantity of dumped drains, but also from degree of their harm in relation to the person, and also flora and fauna of reservoirs. Degree
Influences it is defined by toxicity of contaminants and potentsiyoalnoj the danger of some bonds expressed through a number of integrated indicators. It has formed a basis for the qualitative analysis of dumped sewage on the allocated groups of the enterprises.

The analysis of total emissions of sewage has allowed to establish, that dump of industrial and economic-faecal drains has averaged 37650тыс. M3/year.

Treatment facilities of the enterprises of Novgorod are presented by stations of mechanical, biological and physical and chemical clearing. All sources voyodopolzovanija had zones of sanitary protection, a complex of treatment facilities and disinfecting equipments. At the same time every fourth source komyomunalnogo economic-drinking water supply had sanitary-zayoshchitnoj no zone, 5 % - a complex of treatment facilities, and 3,7 % - a complex obezzayorazhivajushchih the equipments.

In the conditions of sharp reduction of budgetary financing and sobstyovennyh agents of the enterprises the majority under construction water security sooruzheyony have turned to "long-term construction". Frequency rate of excess it is limiting dopusyo

timyh levels of impurity of water in the river Volkhov substances, chemically pogloyoshchajushchimi oxygen (HPK) has made 1,7 times, substances, biologically pogloyoshchajushchimi oxygen (BPK) - 1,3 times, sinteticheski superficially active veyoshchestvami (HAVING fallen down) - 1,3 times. Concentration of copper in water of the river of Volkhov had pjatiyokratnoe excess PDU, zinc - 0,3. Excess dopustiyo is noted also
myh specifications of manganese, iron, nickel. As the reservoir along with ryyobohozjajstvennym appointment serves simultaneously for 1st and 2nd category of water use, the estimation was spent under more rigid specifications.

In Novgorod mismatched demands of specifications of 34,2 % of assays of water of reservoirs of 1st category and 31,1 % of assays of water of reservoirs of 2nd category. ObraYOshchaet on itself attention that fact, that a specific gravity of assays of water not answering to standards in reservoirs of 1st category has decreased during 1992-1994г.г. From 44,9 % to 34,2 %, and in reservoirs of 2nd category has increased from 8,8 % to 31,1 %.

It is known, that deterioration of water of water sources is bound with istoyoshcheniem its resources involved in processes of self-cleaning. IntensivYOnost the last can be estimated as on a number of indicators (БПК5, BPKp, HPK, the dissolved oxygen, ammonification processes, indexes of maximum concentration limit and phages kiyoshechnoj rods - FPK), and on their parity (to Novikov J.V., Plitmanov S.I., 1992). The estimation of processes of self-cleaning was estimated on БПК5, HPK and inyodeksu an intestinal rod. On first two indicators (БПК5> 2-4, HPK> 15-30) intensity of self-cleaning can be characterised as insufficient.

Quality of potable water was estimated according to STATE VOLUME "Water drinking" 2874-82 and STATE VOLUME 2761-81. The Specific gravity of assays of water of a waterpipe of of Novgorod mismatching specifications on chemical indicators, soyostavil in 1994г. 7,2 %. The share of assays of water of the waterpipe, mismatching reglayomentu on microbiological indicators, has made in 1994г. 5,5 %. In dinamiyoke three-year observation it did not become perceptible deterioration of indicators. However, considering old water supply systems and absence of agents for the maintenance siste -
tyvaja in city departments, and also fault in supply dezinfektsionyonymi agents and coagulums, it is impossible to note old water supply systems and absence of agents for the maintenance of system of water purification now stabiliyozatsiju a sanitary-and-hygienic situation in economic-drinking vodosnabzheyonii Novgorod. And even, on the contrary, growth of a specific gravity inappropriate stanyodartu assays should be surveyed as an acute problem drinking vodosnabyozhenija. This results from the fact that the present growth occurs in the conditions of sharp recession of capacities.

6.4.

<< | >>
Scientific source Homich Michael Mihajlovich. COMPLEX MEDIKO-SOCIAL ESTIMATION of HEALTH of CHILDREN VISITING PRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONS, In VARIOUS REGIONS of the NORTHWEST of Russia. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of medical sciences. St.-Petersburg - 1996. 1996

Скачать оригинал источника

Other medical related information the Sanitary-and-hygienic characteristicof of Novgorod:

  1. the Sanitary-and-hygienic characteristicof of Novgorod