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tendencies research of reliability of the subject of work in system of "person-technician"

The problem of reliability of the expert in domestic psychology had rather pragmatic character, and associated, first of all, with reliability of technical systems. In particular, among directions of researches of 60th years, authors allocate working out of methods of an estimation of reliability and mechanisms of maintenance of reliability at creation and operation of control systems [136].

One of the first, devoted to the given subjects, is V.D.Nebylitsyna's originally written in 1962, and then a little finished in 1964 the work. It, has given also one of the first definitions of reliability: «ability to conservation of demanded working qualities in the conditions of possible complicating of a situation, or, more shortly, as« a keeping », fastness of optimum working parametres of the individual» [93, с.234]

Surveying reliability in time aspect, V.D.Nebylitsyn has entered concept operative reliability which has defined how «ability of the individual to steady conservation of optimum working parametres during the set time intervals and at every possible complicatings of a situation». Similar «situation complicatings», according to the author, also are an obligatory condition of an estimation of level of reliability, however if the purpose is reliability conservation in real conditions, extreme influences are necessary for lowering. Also, according to the researcher, at work in extreme conditions, the major role is played by the control of a psychophysiological condition [91, 173].

V.D.Nebylitsyn allocated a number of similarities in an estimation of reliability of the expert and reliability of equipment. In particular, use of concept of "refusal", for an error designation, representation about automatic and semi-automatic system as about system with sensory "input", differences, so, for example, concerning reliability of the expert existed "brain" - the device for processing of the information and a motor exit, etc. However, according to the researcher, also, it separately allocated three groups of factors: personal, trenirovannost, bound to quality of the equipment and the other external reasons. It divided personal qualities into three subgroups: medical, bound to properties of nervous system and actually psychological as which main feature considered possibility of purposeful influence (education) [92, With. 238-249].

The significant contribution to working out of a problem of reliability has brought B.F.Lomov, in the monography «the Person and technics» (1963) it speaks about reliability as about a consequence of technical progress, than underlines comparative novelty of the given question.

In the following edition of the monography in 1966, bringing a number of additions, Lomov allocates two basic directions of research of the given problematics: working capacity studying as that; and features of activity of the operator in the conditions of hindrances [80]. Also it defines qualitative and quantitative characteristics of reliability:

- Qualitative - ability of system (or a system link) to carry out demanded functions in the set interval of time;

- Quantitative - probability of satisfactory performance of demanded functions during set time in the set conditions.

Speaking about mechanisms of rising of reliability, Lomov notes appreciable influence of self-checking of the expert on the given process.

In a case of necessity of maintenance of very high level of reliability of system "person-car", he recommends to carry out the constant control of a condition of the operator, noting, thus perspectivity of use of means.

In 1967, B.F.Lomov writes the following monography devoted to a problem of reliability: «Reliability, professional selection and the control of a condition of the person-operator», allocating, already in the name two basic directions of maintenance of reliability. Speaking about the last, B.F.Lomov once again underlines necessity of the constant control of a condition of the expert, however already irrespectively demands of very high reliability, and once again notes perspectivity of use of means [82].

The concept of reliability is surveyed by B.F.dray from two parties: «as the qualitative characteristic reliability is ability of system (or its element) to carry out demanded functions; in quantitative definition reliability is probability of that system (or its element) will carry out demanded functions well during set time and in the set conditions». Also, in the given work the author parts the personal qualities influencing reliability of the operator, on qualities:

- Giving in to purposeful influence - mainly, characterologic lines of the person: resoluteness, courage, persistence etc.;

- Practically independent of life experience of the person-mental endurance, volume and attention distribution, perekljuchaemost etc.

B.F.Lomov underlined, that «Both these groups of personal qualities play rather appreciable, and sometimes and a main role in maintenance of working efficiency of the person, its reliability» [80, With. 34].

The powerful contribution to formation of representations about reliability in researches of 60th years was brought by M.I.Bobneva. According to its definition, reliability is not the activity characteristic, and the global qualitative characteristic of behaviour [14, With. 7-13]. However, in a kind of impossibility of its integrated studying, M.I.Bobneva has suggested to survey reliability of the person, according to technical representations about reliability. In particular, to use statistical methods of calculation, so-called, casual refusals of behaviour.

In the following work of 1966 it makes following definition of reliability of the expert, having the expressed technical character: «Ability smoothly to carry out the functions set to it in certain working conditions during certain time» also allocates two basic directions of researches of reliability:

- Studying of conditions of reliable work;

- Studying of character of failures [15, With. 70].

Speaking about interaction of the technical approach and concept of reliability of the person, it is necessary to note A.I.Gubinsky's work - the first chapter of laboratory of the Navy, ergonomic maintenance of systems prosecuting by subjects "person-car". As distinctive line of its views the understanding of reliability of the operator, as parts of cumulative professional quality of similar systems acts. According to the given representation approaches to definition have been rethought:

- Working capacity of technics in professional and potential working capacity;

- Non-failure operation in the technician in non-failure operation of the person;

- Refusal in the technician in definitive and temporary refusal of the person;

- Maintainability in vosstanavlivaemost in the professional

vosstanavlivaemost;

- Durability in professional durability etc. [72].

Besides, two more characteristics concerning only to the operator have been entered: a faultlessness and endurance. Thus, to the extremity of 1960th the general engineering-psychological approach to an estimation of system "person-car" where reliability indicators characterised not only to the technics, but also the person with it co-operating was generated.

Sign event in reliability studying in 60 is G.S.Nikiforovym's writing of the first domestic dissertation to the devoted given problematics: «Experience of an experimental research of reliability of the person - of the operator in the course of information reception» (1969). In the work, in addition, the author describes the general situation concerning a question of reliability of the operator for that period of time, paying attention on absence of sequence in its studying, and also on a self-checking more potential, as mechanism of maintenance of reliability [173].

1970 which have received continuation in the tideway of applied disciplines, such as sports psychology, aviation psychology, and many other things were especially rich on psychological researches of reliability.

For example, N.D.Zavalova, in the work investigates the following factors influencing reliability of pilots: presence or absence at the operator of an integrated image of activity, presence or absence at it the changed mental conditions, and also influence of its not realised and weakly realised actions.

The exact, adequate image of activity of the operator, is, according to the author, a basis of maintenance of reliability of the expert. [45, with. 48]. It represents mental visualisation of integrated information model interpreted and osoz nannyh, as the purpose, sensual data. N.D.Zavalova also underlines unreliability of pilots at which development of automatic skills occurred without formation of an integrated image of professional work.

Mental conditions, according to the author, are adaptive reaction of the person to environment conditions, taking into account its features, including motives, values, Change of these conditions is more whole etc. conducts to a disadaptation of the given reactions. And the given process begins with the lowest levels - sensomotornogo and sensorno-pertseptivnogo, at relative safety of the higher functions. Similar disadaptations can deprive mental processes of their system qualities, that, possibly, and leads to reliability depression. In particular, to a divergence between objective result and value judgment of the operator [45, With. 67] For this reason, a perspective direction of rising of reliability, the author names training of the expert to the conscious control over own actions and a situation.

Concerning, influences of not realised and weakly realised actions on reliability of operator N.D.Zavalova are noted by their dual character, and also an urgency of research of the given question, after all similar actions can, both to reduce, and to raise reliability level, depending on, whether they are adequate to a concrete situation, or not [45, With. 101].

A.A.Krylov as basic elements of psychological readiness of the person to activity in the difficult and extreme conditions of an environment providing, including, its professional reliability, surveys factors which are schematically generalised in a drawing 1.2. In the monography «the Person in the automated control systems» (1972) A.A.Krylov on the basis of experimental researches show, what even in the course of the decision not realised processing of the information occurs the person simple sensomotornyh problems, and the result of this processing joins in the subsequent activity, providing process of acceptance of conscious decisions [73].

M.A.Kotik, in one of the works studied dependence of reliability of the person-operator on technical and psychophysiological restrictions, including on time restriction, on a significance value of a problem for the expert, the experience, the general level of danger of performed work, and other aspects [67].

Fig. 1.2. Factors of psychological readiness of the person to activity in extreme conditions on A.A.Krylov

So, according to results of research, it is impossible to use the theory of motivation of achievement in relation to the operator working in dangerous conditions, at the same time, maintenance of reliability of such people is promoted by presentation and capacity of safety precautions regulations.

Especially the author noted the important role of the importance of actions for maintenance of reliability of the expert: in the presence of rigid time frameworks the person can be successful only in the decision of the problems which are not exceeding a certain significance value while excess of the given level, was accompanied by sharp falling of reliability and safety of actions of the operator. Also, according to the author, a principal cause of the accidents occurring to skilled experts, incomplete use of own possibilities by them, because of situation underestimation, or purposely, for the sake of any personal purposes is.

In other work devoted to a problem of self-control in reliability of the person, M.I.Kotik surveys reliability not only as an indicator of productivity of activity of the expert, but also as the regulating factor of this activity. According to the author, representations of the operator about own reliability, generated under the influence of the previous experience, influence process of the decision of current problems. The given process (three stages) affects both physiological, and mental levels of self-control of the person (fig. 1.3).

Thus, M.A.Kotik a significant role in tseleobrazovanii, forecasting of results of a specific target, and a choice of ways of action takes away to reliability self-rating.

Also, according to the author, it is necessary to consider, that self-control and reliability of the expert is based not only on its individual characteristics, but also characteristics of a solved problem, environment, and also controlled system. Concerning it, M.I.Kotik underlines necessity of formalisation of the given diverse factors for the purpose of their machine mathematical processing, and interdisciplinary generalisation [68].

Fig. 1.3. Process of self-control of reliability of the person

Speaking about reliability estimation, the author considered necessary the account of compensatory possibilities of the person allowing in due time to suspend and correct erroneous action, however, noticing thus, that ability of the operator to self-control is limited, and that it it is impossible to compensate absence of skills, abilities and knowledge.

V.E.Milman more known in a psychological science as the researcher of problems of motivation of activity, surveying a problem of mental reliability in sports, has allocated its following components [89]:

- General mental reliability;

- Ability of sportsmen to self-control;

- Competitive emotional fastness;

- The general noise stability and stability;

- Motvatsionno-power sphere.

The author also has allocated the factors influencing mental reliability of sportsmen, it has parted them on three groups: primary, secondary and general personal factors.

To primary factors, according to V.E.Milmana the general emotional fastness and a maturity, ability to control itself and self-checking, social activity and initiative, and also psychophysiological factors concern: a parity of controllable and dynamic activity,

Excitability and psychomotor coordination.

Secondary factors are presented by aspiration to domination, authoritativeness, sports aggression, social ekstraversiej, features of a parity of the open and closed emotionality, an emotional tonus, enthusiasm, and also absence of uneasiness, feeling of fault, shyness and uncertainty.

The general personal factors influencing reliability of sportsmen, according to the author, are: the general intelligence, force of character, consciousness, social comfort, honesty and conscientiousness, sensitivity and a susceptibility, and also suspiciousness, distrustfulness and suspiciousness [88].

In the work «Emotionally-strong-willed components of reliability of the operator» E.A.Milerjan defines reliability «such condition of working capacity of the operator at which it provides exact, effective, faultless, optimum, timely and successful performance of all functions charged to it both in optimum, and in extreme regimens of work» [87, With. 106]. The author specifies in insufficiency of the engineering approach by treating of questions of reliability. Developing E.A.Derevjanko's ideas about dependence of reliability of work on the maximum possibilities of an organism and degree of an emotionally-strong-willed strain as a regulator of their use the author declares necessity, workings out of various criteria and methods of psychological research. In particular, it places emphasis on moral, emotional, strong-willed and intellectual qualities, from
Which perfection, in its opinion efficiency and reliability of labour activity [87, 28] depends.

E.A.Milerjan allocated three groups of the most important qualities:

1) moral qualities: conscientiousness, honesty,

Discipline, organisation, high morals, diligence;

2) emotionally-strong-willed qualities: confidence of the forces, persistence of object in view achievement, courage, self-control, a call of duty and responsibility for the acts;

3) intellectual qualities: resource, ingenuity.

Speaking about maintenance of reliability of work in extreme conditions, the author takes away a main role to intellectual and emotionally-strong-willed qualities. And also allocates five possible forms of behaviour: strained, cowardly, brake, is aggressive-uncontrolled and progressive [87, With. 34].

Among works of this period it is necessary to note also N.F.Kruglovoj's devoted to research of any regulation the work, as factor of rising of reliability of activity of the expert at fatigue. According to results, self-control really plays the important role in reliability maintenance, especially concerning subjectively significant motives, is more whole etc. That is, according to N.F.Kruglovoj, for rising of reliability of activity of the expert.

The further researches of problems of reliability have got generalising character - there were scientific approaches in various practical branches (sports, military etc.).

So, in V.A.Plahtienko and J.M.Bludova's work, surveying reliability from the point of view of the system-complex approach, its such factors, as biomechanical, medicobiological, psychological and, especially - moral and political are allocated. It is necessary to notice also, that in researches of next years last factor has been replaced moralnoyonravstvennym. However its essence remained invariable - reliability and efficiency rising, at the expense of realisation of such moral aspects, as purposefulness, ability to work in collective, discipline,
Honesty, and also the general moral maturity and fastness [113].

According to V.Hakkera reliability of the operator is characterised by a measure of erroneous actions or their absence, and also probability of their occurrence [171].

G.S.Nikiforov spoke about special importance of moral aspect for reliability formation, noting in the monography «Self-checking of the person» also, its such components, as, a call of duty, honesty, discipline and responsibility [96].

In J.G.Fokina's research, reliability of the military system surveyed from a position of unity of the operator and means [170] is investigated. For the given system, the author results a number of classifications, allocating as criteria its structure, character of subsystems, autonomy degree, and also regimens of functioning (tab. 1.1).

Table 1.1

Classification of reliability of military system

№ p/p Classification sign Kinds of subsystems
1 Character of subsystems - Individual which functioning depends actions on separate experts;

- Which technical efficiency depends on quality of a hardware;

- Anthropotechnical, functioning on the basis of interaction of two resulted above factors;

- Organizational qualities of a management being reflexion and features of interaction of the personnel

2 Autonomy degree - The individual

- The plural

- The group

- Collective

3 Regimen

Functioning

- Readiness achievements;

- Maintenances in readiness;

- Service;

- Preparations;

- Fighting application and operations


Also, in J.G.Fokin's given work has allocated the basic components of reliability of military system - readiness and reliability of fighting functioning. In a critical situation he considers as a basis of its maintenance hardware, information and biological working capacity. Concerning the factors negatively influencing reliability of system, the author noted influence on the operator of following groups of complexities: emotional, time, regime, conditional, hardware and operative.

By results of J.G.Fokin's research formulates more than 10 directions of maintenance and the control of reliability of the system, anyhow bound to the personnel and means [170]. These directions are:

- System non-failure operation;

- Hardware non-failure operation of applied agents;

- Continuous hardware non-failure operation;

- Information non-failure operation;

- The damaging personnel;

- The restoring personnel;

- Attendants;

- The preparing personnel;

- The controlling personnel;

- The personnel on duty;

- Biologically unreliable personnel;

- The restored personnel.

One more prominent feature of the given period of a steel of research of the personal factor of reliability. V.A.Bodrov in article «Problem of professional and functional reliability of the operator», 1989 (and then, together with V.J.Orlovym in work «Psychology and reliability: the person in control systems of technics», 1998) generalises results of studying of this question and comes to following conclusions. The majority of researchers, including B.F.Lomova, A.V.Filippova, etc., part «the human factor»

On two components - "personal" and "group" [16].

«The personal factor» - a certain set of specific features of the person, capable to become the reason of errors in activity, that is, capable to influence probability of occurrence, character of a current and an outcome of possible disturbances. Among the reasons of erroneous actions under «the personal factor» expert, researchers allocate: moral and political (later moral) qualities, professional qualities, psychological features of the operator, physiological features and physical development (fig. 1.4).

Besides, authors note influence on reliability of the person-operator of the group factor which, according to researchers, is set of professional, psychological, physiological, anthopometrical and social features and the possibilities of persons inherent in all contingent of operators and defining ergonomic properties of system "person-car" and its separate components (an agent, the maintenance, conditions and the activity organisation). Also, authors allocate reliability kinds: constructive, technological, operational, hygienic, anthropological, psychological, physiological, demographic, information, operational both biological. And its indicators: (safety, a faultlessness, timeliness, vosstanavlivaemost etc. [16].

Throughout research of factors positively and negatively influencing reliability of the expert it is possible to carry V.A.Ponomarenko's work in which it surveys the reasons of low personal reliability of the expert in aircraft [116]. By definition of the author, reliability of system «the pilot-plane - the medium», is probability of achievement of the necessary result without damage to health and human life at flying machine conservation. As a major factor negatively influencing reliability, V.A.Ponomarenko considers demographic crisis, and as consequence depression of demands to arriving in flight schools that leads to a considerable quantity of experts from a various sort adverse personal features [115, 116].

Fig. 1.4. Classification of the reasons of erroneous actions of the operator

Also, to number negatively influencing reliability of the expert of factors,

B. A.Ponomarenko carries insufficient attention of a management to needs of subordinates, a formalism in an estimation of their errors, aspiration to accuse, completely not having understood in a situation etc.

M.A.Kotik, in 1993, in the work has paid attention to ignoring of a problem of deliberate errors, and as consequence of it not a level of scrutiny, absence of classification and the established reasons of similar cases. Necessity, the author explained their studying to that deliberate disturbances, in its opinion, are direct result of the organisation of labour activity and personal features of experts making them. Moreover, M.A.Kotik specifies, that deliberate errors make the majority of the errors bound, with so-called «the human factor» which, in turn, it agree to data of the international statistics, is the reason of 60-80 % of accidents on manufacture, transport and building. [67,

C. 39].

The first step in the decision of the given problem is definition by the Seal of concept of an error «as its (person) action or inactivity which disperses from the established rules, or, that the same, as disturbance of the restrictions assigned to it» [67, With. 35]. Then it allocates 4 categories of the given restrictions, namely bound with:

- Withstanding of the set operating mode of controlled system;

- The set norms of behaviour; bound to conservation of conditions demanded for activity;

- Professionally important individual qualities of the expert.

Further the author classifies the given restrictions and analyzes their mental nature.

Concerning unintentional errors, M.A.Kotik allocates following groups:

- Events for the external reasons, in which number: technical malfunctions, problems with the organisation of working conditions, a social environment, and
Other spontaneous factors;

- Events for the internal reasons, in respect of a disadvantage of own possibilities, that is such as professional unfitness, neobuchennost, absence of a necessary physical and mental condition, etc.;

- Events for the internal reasons in respect of non-use of own possibilities, basically because of underestimation of degree of the importance of tasks in view.

The author carries following groups to deliberate errors:

- The errors made as a result of conflicts between motives, such as danger, safety, benefit, a moral imperative and others;

- The errors made for rising of interest of labour activity, for example, by including of game elements and danger;

- The errors made, frequently subconsciously, for the purpose of derivation from more exciting stress factor

- The errors made because of impossibility of the permission of a problem situation within the limits of established rules and restrictions.

However, according to the author, the list of the given groups of deliberate disturbances can be dilated considerably, having included in it the errors made, for example, as a sign of the protest against public norms or for satisfaction of feeling of own importance, on purpose to achieve approval from the party, because of own laziness, and also is simple without the reason etc. But, even taking into account the given categories, the list would be incomplete. [67, with. 39].

In work A.A. Piskoppelja reliability is surveyed as the integrated characteristic of continuous process of functioning of difficult systems. [107]. Also the author enters rather new concept - full reliability of activity of the person as property to reach an object in view, that is to carry out the ordered problem, algorithm or the program in the defined
Conditions, during set time. Full reliability is formed by structural and functional reliability of the operator (fig. 1.5).

Fig. 1.5. Structure of reliability of activity on A.A. Piskoppelju

Functional reliability is understood as ability of the person to carry out the ordered functions in conformity in set by demands during set time and in certain conditions. Functional reliability is presented:

1) is functional-program reliability - property of the person to carry out the ordered functions according to the set or demanded program;

2) is functional-time reliability - property of the person to carry out the ordered functions in the set or demanded time intervals;

3) is functional-parametrical reliability - property of the person to carry out the ordered functions with the set or demanded accuracy.

According to A.A. Piskoppelja, these three components of functional reliability correspond to three measurements of quality of activity -
Faultlessness, temporarinesses, accuracies [107].

Structural reliability is understood as ability of the person to function during set time in certain conditions, in other words - to keep working capacity.

In S.M.Dudin's work (1995) the mechanism of mental self-control of the expert, as way of rising of its reliability reveals. It consists in internal experience of figurative model of activity in the concrete situation based on experience of other experts. It leads to rising of accuracy, timeliness and speed of actions and reactions; a self-trust, formation of an optimum psychophysical condition etc. the Given way is effective, according to researchers, in the presence of an orientation on success achievement. [34, S.20-21]

The big psychological dictionary under B.G.Meshcherjakova, V.P.Zinchenko's edition makes following definition of reliability of the person-operator «set of properties of the person, providing performance of demanded functions by it in system"person-car"[20, With. 322]

According to a number of authors [53, 147, 183], major factors,

Defining reliability of the expert, act:

- Its vocational training;

- Organizational aspects of work, such as, organizational culture of the enterprise;

- Specific features: presence of self-checking,

Conscientiousness, discipline, accuracy,

Responsibility. Also, to them carry features of individual style of activity, moral self-checking persons (conscience) and honesty.

The basic mechanisms of maintenance of reliability, according to G.S.Nikiforova, are [98, with. 430-439]:

- The self-checking, which short consists in tracing of already perfect both potential errors and their prevention.

- Indemnification which consists in compensation of the underdeveloped or broken mental functions by use kept or reorganisations of partially broken functions.

- Information and structural redundancy.

Among investigated themes of the given period it is especially possible to note: psychophysiological maintenance of reliability, personal aspect of reliability of the expert, forecasting of reliability of activity, reliability research in small groups, and a number of others.

Speaking about a question of psychophysiological maintenance of reliability it is necessary to note A.A.Blaginina's research in which it in particular surveys the reasons of occurrence and mechanisms of preventive maintenance of borderline cases of consciousness of operators. As which basis of reliability, the author surveys high physical and moral and psychological preparation, confidence of the maintained technics and ability to execute a task in view [13].

As a result of the research spent on experts of management by space vehicles and helicopters, A.A.Blaginin has taped, that boundary functional conditions of consciousness arise owing to the expressed information, intellectual and psychoemotional loads, work in similar functional conditions conducts to larger activation of mental functions, and as consequence to the further depression of working capacity. Also, by results of research depression of errors of the operators working at night of days has been taped; the author binds it to rising of level of motivation, owing to reduction of quantity of on duty employees.

Concerning methods of preventive maintenance of boundary functional conditions, the author recommends ekstrakranialnuju electroimpulsive nejroreguljatsiju, and also musical air-conditioning and gipoksicheskie trainings. ekstrakranialnaja electroimpulsive nejroreguljatsija

It is carried out through stimulation of deep structures of a brain by means of
Electric current influences, for the purpose of optimisation of higher nervous activity, prevention of various neurotic disorders and restoration of psychophysiological reserves of an organism and working capacity. Musical air-conditioning promotes conservation of reliability of activity and working capacity prolongation. Hypoksichesky trainings are, in turn, an effective remedy of restoration of working capacity of experts and formations of optimum functional conditions, and also preventive maintenance and correction of neurotic and psychosomatic disorders.

Also, the author notes perspectivity of creation of modular systems of the automated estimation and the control of a functional condition of the expert.

The problem of psychological forecasting of reliability of experts has found the reflexion in V.J.Rybnikova's work [138]. In the research the author surveys leading determinants of reliability of workers of an extreme profile, not as individual qualities of the person, and as symptom-complexes of these qualities. On the basis of the given symptom-complexes the forecast of reliability of experts also is carried out.

V.J.Rybnikov parts simptomokomkleksy depending on a forecasting kind - long-term or operative.

At operative, or the short-term forecast of reliability of experts of an extreme profile the basic attention turn on symptom-complexes. In the generalised kind these symptom-complexes are presented in table 1.2.

Table 1.2

Symptom-complexes of reliability of workers of an extreme profile on V.J.Rybnikovu

Forecast kind Kinds simptomokomkleksov
The long-term - Psychological fastness

- Properties of higher nervous activity

- Uneasiness and activity level

- Self-checking

- Organising abilities

- Intellectual development


Table 1.2 continuation

Forecast kind Kinds simptomokomkleksov
Operative (short-term) - The personal properties reflecting functionality of the central nervous system

- Psychoemotional condition and psychomotor system during the concrete moment of time.

The basic determinants reflecting reliability of psychological compatibility of employees, the symptom-complexes characterising their socially-psychological competence and an adaptability are.

Also V.J.Rybnikov notes similarity in structure dezadaptivnyh psychological conditions at various groups of experts of an extreme profile. Among them, naibolshe diffusion was received by disturbances of psychoemotional sphere and nervous system, and also intellectual functions.

Speaking about working out of a problem of reliability in 2000th years it is necessary to note also S.V.Sarychev's devoted to socially-psychological factors of reliability of small groups the work.

Reliability, in a context of social group, it defined as system socially-psychological quality, aktualizirujushchieesja in the intense and extreme conditions of joint activity, or as system of group motives and the social equipments on perfection of the organisation of joint activity of group in the intense and extreme conditions [142, 146].

In structure of group reliability the author allocates following elements:

- Mechanisms;

- Socially-psychological components;

- Rising methods.

The basic mechanisms of reliability of small social group, according to the author, act: formation of effective interaction of members of group, a lead and functional structure of the organisation, and also active use of group experience and the developed rough part of the joint
Activity.

As socially-psychological components of reliability, S.V.Sarychev allocates:

- Group consciousness and motivation,

- Generality of an image of organizational interpersonal relations and the equipment on their enrichment,

- The enriched strong-willed self-control in group,

- The equipment on successful overcoming of difficulties,

- Optimum psychological distance between members of group in system of interpersonal relations.

The basic methods of rising of reliability of small group, according to the author, are: training of joint activity in various conditions, use of internal resources of group, actualisation of intergroup interaction, and also formation of reliable groups through selection and acquisition on the basis of a specific lead.

A number of perspective concepts, concerning a phenomenon of reliability of the subject of work has been developed in 2010th years.

In particular, in E.J.Strizhova's research moral-legal reliability of the person, is surveyed by the author, as the psychological formation of the person allowing the person to make and keep in the consciousness senses of ethical standards within their objective value which determine the steady, organised and conscious behaviour according to moral and society legal requirements [157, 158].

As the functional mechanism of moral formation of the person moral-semantic determination serves. Moral-semantic determination of behaviour is a causal relationship of the personal senses of moral concepts framed by the person with a choice of a way of its life.

Features of similar communication at the concrete person, characterise it in morally-legal aspect. The given characteristic, according to the author, has urovnevuju structure, and is presented, in a context of its research,
Moral-legal, legal, konformnoj, pragmatical, mercenary and is immoral-criminal stages. As criteria of reference to this or that level the author offers:

- Comprehension of the moral responsibility before other people;

- Understanding of necessity of performance of ethical standards at interaction with other people;

- Use of moral concepts at an explanation to itself of the purposes and ways of reception of material benefits;

- Fastness to norms of egocentric and criminal morals.

The legislative and criminal behaviour in a context of the given research, according to E.J.Strizhova, is formed by internal (personal) and external (social) determinants [158, C.26] (tab. 1.3).

Table 1.3

Determinants of legislative and criminal behaviour

Internal (personal) factors External (social) factors
- Personal senses of moral values of the person

- Moral responsibility locus

- Individual style of the decision of economic problems

- Moral self-control

- Individual style

Interpersonal interaction

- The moral standards dominating

Among a social environment

The person

- The relation of social groups to

To roguish ways

Receptions of material benefits

- The relation of the population to values of work and money

On the basis of the offered concept the author develops a personal questionnaire of moral-legal reliability.

It is necessary to note A.T.Kalandija's research according to which results, the effective mechanism of rising of reliability of sportsmen, mental training of its structural elements is: nejrodinamicheskogo, psychodynamic, personal, socially-psychological [54].

Also it is interesting, definition of reliability of V.A.Pavlenko which surveys it as the integrated personal characteristic of the mental formations mediating ability of the person to stressoustojchivosti and standard behaviour in the course of performance of professional problems in any conditions of a situation. Among psychological conditions of its formation the author allocates: the developed professional motivation referred on the control and correction of the behaviour according to established norms and rules; demanded level of knowledge, abilities, skills; high stressoustojchivost, based on use of ways of self-control of a psychophysical condition [103, 104. With. 149-154].

The significant contribution to working out of a problem of maintenance of reliability has been brought by V.M.Krukom. In the work it surveys reliability of the person as based on a symptom-complex of psychophysical well-being integrated motivatsionno-any kognitivnoe psychological formation of regulation of the behaviour, shown in dynamics of its professionally critical indicators normativnosti and vulnerability, is provided with integrated system otsenochno-reguljativnoj optimisation lichnostnoyoprofessionalnogo behaviour for the purpose of its conformity to the established and supported socially responsible is professional-conventional norms and demands [72].

The author notes three groups of psychological patterns of maintenance of personal reliability of the expert:

- In detail-substantial (bound to the professional

Activity of the expert);

- Instrumentalno-methodical (bound to possibilities of applied toolkit of an estimation of personal reliability of the expert);

- Organizational-remedial (bound to system estimation of personal reliability of the expert).

The internal analyzer of personal reliability in V.A.Kruka's concept
Acts, so-called, reality testing at which, the reliable expert is capable to understand a reality: to lean against common sense, experience, to consider opinion of other people and to spend border between objective and subjective. Reliability, in this case, depends first of all on degree of development Ego and safety Super-Ego.

As the external analyzer of personal reliability of the expert in the course of its maintenance the mechanism of a continuous estimation of conformity of personal reliability of the expert, to the established demands and the accepted norms acts.

Among psychological mechanisms of maintenance of personal reliability of the expert, the author allocates:

- Reality testing, as the base mechanism of mental activity of the subject;

- Protective mechanisms Ego;

- Functioning motivational, any and kognitivnogo elements of personal reliability;

- Influence of internal and external conditions;

- Development of a reflexion and responsibility of the expert.

Psychological maintenance of personal reliability assumes two directions of activity: the first consists in situationally caused professional work of psychologists and other involved persons, the essence based on understanding, maintenances, models, patterns, principles, and reliability mechanisms. The second direction - the constant analysis of productivity of spent actions, about available problems and contradictions and acceptance of necessary measures under their permission and overcoming.

In A.A.Oboznova and J.A.Akimovoj's written by results of interrogation of machinists of locomotives article, reliability of their professional work through the factor of trust of the person to the technician is surveyed. Authors define indicators of professional reliability through frequency and character of perfect erroneous actions [100].

1.4.

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Scientific source Petrov Nikolay Nikolaevich. Formation of professional reliability of employees of security-convoy service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of psychological sciences. Tver - 2018. 2018

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