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Sovladajushchee behaviour and stress in professional work

Special researches of stresses in professional work began to be spent only about 1980th, before from the XX-th century beginning the general-theoretical researches devoted to the nature of stress and its interrelations with processes of adaptation were conducted.

V.J.Slabinsky [115] notices, that the concept "stress" has been entered by the English doctor and the teacher of the Liverpool university Thomas Glinnom (T. R. Glynn) in 1910 with reference to group of the pathological conditions which were called as traumatic neurosises (posttraumatic stressful disorders). T. R. Glynn has offered the following sequence of development of disease: the trauma leads to development of stress which promotes occurrence in predisposed persons of neurotic symptoms.

Further the stress concept has been added by American physiologist W. Cannon [151] features of behaviour (reaction of type of struggle,
Flight or capitulation) which, as a matter of fact, are the first classification of strategy of overcoming of stress. Kennon has offered the homeostasis concept - fastnesses of internal parametres of an organism as major condition of a life. Law Kennona says: «Degree of perfection of an organism is defined by degree of its independence of changes in environment».

Now, the concept stress basically is bound to works of the doctor - of endocrinologist H. Selye which has started to study stress in 1936. The beginning to its researches the syndrome of the answer to damage as has put found out in experiment «that» which has received subsequently the name «a triad the Selye» and consisted of three processes: augmentations and risings of activity of a cortical layer of adrenals; shrinkages and decreases of a thymic gland and lymphatic glands; punctual outpourings and bleeding jazvochek in a stomach and intestine mucosa. G.Sele has compared these reactions with symptoms of such conditions as a malaise, painful sensations etc.

In a pathogenesis of stress of G.Sele [107] considered the important three positions:

1. Physiological reaction to stress does not depend by nature a stress factor, and also (within limits) and on a kind of an animal at which it arises. The response syndrome represents universal model of protective reactions of the organism referred on protection of the person (or an animal) and on conservation of integrity of an organism.

2. Protective reaction at proceeding or repeating action of a stress factor passes three stages (alarms, resistances and attritions) which represent the general adaptic syndrome.

3. Protective reaction if it is strong and long, can pass in an adaptation disease. Illness will be that price which the organism has paid for struggle against the factors causing stress.

Developing the concept of stress, G.Sele has offered the concept of adaptic energy. A Selye believed, that adaptic energy is available for each person in the limited quantity set from a birth.

In 1952 E. Goldstone [157] as the further development of the theory the Selye has offered the concept of constant production of adaptic energy which can collect and be stored in the limited quantity, and has allocated two types of storehouses of adaptic energy: resources and reserves. The resource constantly renews and is potentially infinite. The reserve practically does not renew and is final. There is a greatest possible rate of consumption of adaptic energy, and on this maximum the organism cannot consult with any additional stimulus.

Law Goldstouna says that adaptic energy can be made though its manufacture decreases in an old age, it also can remain in the form of the adaptic capital though the capacity for this capital is limited. If the individual spends the adaptic energy faster, than makes, it spends the adaptic capital and dies at its full attrition.

After the Second World War employees of Medical school of the Washington university have offered the stress-information concept on which base in 50th years the Scale of stress of Holmes-Rajha where to each event, on force of a stress factor, the certain quantity of points was appropriated has been framed. T. H. Holmes, R. H. Rahe [160] in the research have shown, that 79 % of examinees in two years after experience of very high level of a stressful load had problems with health.

Further the stress-information concept has received the development transaktnoj theories of stress T Coxn, concepts of kopping-strategy Murphy - Lazarus ⅛.

According to transaktnoj concepts of stress T Cox'n, S.MasKau'ja, the stress is a response to absence of "conformity" between possibilities of the person and demands from medium, it «a part of complex and dynamic system of interaction of the person and environment» [27, with. 77]. The stress is individually perceived phenomenon mediated by psychological features of the person.

Kognitivnaja model of psychological stress R. Lazarus ⅛ [27, with. 24], is under construction on the statement, that stress development, «depends not only on external conditions, but also from constitutional vulnerability of the person and from adequacy of its mechanisms kognitivnoj protection. Special value for occurrence of psychological stress have an estimation the person of a situation in which it is. Experience of disappointment, the conflict or threat».

R.M.Granovskaja, With. [32] stresses-factors of professional work (as environment implications) and individually-psychological features of the person of the professional (as implications of internal medium) carry M.Shingaev to psychological factors of professional health.

Ollport in the middle of 20 centuries wrote, that mentally healthy people not only react to external stimulus, but also are capable to influence meaningly on medium new, earlier in not tried ways, framing new strains [123].

The theory and practice of management by stress (stress-management) is based on modern scientific concepts of stress, and also practical results of psychology of health, psychology of management, psychology of work, a psychohygiene, etc.

Negative influence of working stresses on health of people is shown in depression of indicators of satisfaction by the work and efficiency of activity. N.E.Vodopjanova notices, that «experience of acute and chronic stresses-conditions leads to deterioration of such characteristics of work as reliability, efficiency, speed, quality of work, and can sometimes cause failures and traumas» [27, with. 13].

To V.D.Mendelevich, S.L.Soloveva [79] specify that stressful mechanisms underlie development of the majority of diseases.

According to model of development of crisis conditions of V.J.Rybnikova, E.N.Ashaninoj [104] stressornye vital activity factors cause a mental strain, "start" koping-behaviour mechanisms at which insufficiency there is a socially-psychological disadaptation

Persons and as consequence - a crisis condition of the person. T.L.Krjukova, M.V.Saporovskaja, S.A.Hazova [61] notice, that sovladanie is a mediator between a difficult vital situation and vital style.

Professional work of the person can become complicated influence of stress factors of the different nature. They can be bound to the organisation and the maintenance of labour activity, professional career, a payment, mutual relations on work [88].

N.E.Vodopjanova, E.S.Starchenkova [29] is allocated with various kinds of the stress factors arising in labour activity. The working stress arises from - for the reasons bound to work, - working conditions, a work place. The professional stress - because of the reasons bound to a trade, comes or an activity kind. Organizational stress - because of negative influence on the worker of features of that organisation in which he works. Thus stress factors are more likely introduced by the person in work, instead of appear as a result of work, but in any case they are an integral part of professional stress. Possibility of successful adaptation or overcoming of a stressful situation is defined by personal resources stressoustojchivosti, subjective characteristics of perception and an estimation, the relation to a situation.

E. V.Bitjutskaja [17] allocates following signs difficult (that is potentially stressogennoj) situations: the importance, nepodkontrolnost, uncertainty, small prognoziruemost, dynamism, stressogennost, insufficiency of conformity of own resources to situation demands. E. V.Bitjutskaja [18] in the work comes to conclusions, that at perception of a situation as not under control and uncertain the probability of implication of protective strategy, leaving from the problem decision raises, and active koping correlates with prognoziruemostju situations.

V.V. Signs [47] writes, that the situation gets the psychological maintenance how the person perceives it, kategorizuet, understands and, accordingly, as it conducts itself(himself) in it. Whether the situation will be understood as difficult depends, first, on its individual specificity of the subjective
Reflexions in consciousness of the subject and, secondly, from its personal qualities (uneasiness, stressoustojchivost and so on).

S.A.Magomed-Eminov [74] specifies, that in extremeness two are interconnected modusa: possibility and impossibility, positive and negative, conservation and growth, disorder and kreativnost.

T.D.Vasilenko [23, with. 263] surveying hypothesis W. Mischel ⅛ about "strong" and "weak" situations, specifies, that «in reactions to strong situations the big role is played by situational variables, reactions to weak situations in larger degree are defined by personal variables».

A. A.Aldasheva [6, with. 17] has shown, that features of adaptation of the person are defined by extremeness of influence, "thus" extremeness »is worried depending on ability of the person to master the external and internal conditions presented as uniform psychological space which borders are defined by conceptual model of adaptation. That is, experience of interaction of the person with a situation of uncertainty and knowledge of ways of its overcoming, senses, values and other elements of conceptual model, define psychological space of the person in which borders the person chooses prioritetnost decisions of adaptic problems in extreme conditions».

B. P.Serkin [110] notices, that level of psychological extremeness of a situation for the subject is defined by level of changes of a nuclear layer of an image of the world owing to what at rendering of the psychological help to the person, gone through an extreme situation, restoration of last way of life, and support of process of construction of a new way of life which corresponds to a new image of the world is required not.

L.A.Kitaev-Smyk [56] notes unreliability of all classifications in forecasting stressoustojchivosti as considers, that the behaviour of the subject is caused in aggregate by individual system of an estimation of a situation and the life experience including and experience of overcoming of difficult situations.

F.E.Vasiljuk [22] has suggested to classify stressful situations on character frustrirujushchih motives and on character of "barriers". To internal barriers personal obstacles concern purpose achievement, to external — barriers which do not give the chance to the subject to leave a situation or to change it.

The professional work sphere defines specificity of stressful situations which the subject of activity faces. Terekhin N. S, Sergienko E. A, Lekalov A. A [131, with. 24] in the research have shown, that «the control of behaviour at people of different trades differs an originality of parities kognitivnogo, the strong-willed control and emotional regulation that specifies in realisation of the various resources demanded by various professional work».

Thus, in the course of labour activity the individual faces is professional-difficult situations which depending on kognitivnoj estimations of conformity of demands of medium and resources of the person can be treated as stressogennye and to start mechanisms sovladajushchego the behaviour, adaptations of the expert providing a certain degree of quality to professional work.

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Scientific source VOISHCHEVA Nadezhda Mihajlovna. INDIVIDUALLY-PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES SOVLADEJUSHCHEGO of BEHAVIOUR In PROFESSIONAL WORK of ECOLOGISTS. The DISSERTATION on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of psychological sciences. St.-Petersburg - 2018. 2018

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